索引
说明:索引中的页码为英文原书页码,在正文边际处。黑体的页码指给出关键术语定义的页码。
A
能力与工资(Ability ,wages and) ,416,418
支付能力原则( Ability-to-pay principle),254
绝对优势( Absolute advantage),54
绝对值( Absolute value),91
与开车相关的事故( Accidents , associated withdriving),211
会计师、经济学家和机会成本( Accountants, Vs.economists and opportunity costs),269
会计利润( Accounting profit),270
逆向选择( Adverse selection),485,485—486
广告( Advertising),355—360
品牌(brand names),359—360
对广告的批评( critique of),356
对广告的辩护( defense of),356—357
加尔布雷思与哈耶克论广告( Galbraith vs.Hayek on),358
广告与眼镜的价格( price of eyeglasses and),357
广告的发信号理论(signaling theory of),419
作为质量信号的广告(as sign of quality),357—359
《丰裕社会》(加尔布雷思) [ Affluent Society (Gal-braith)],358
代理人(Agent),484
农业( Agriculture )委内瑞拉的价格控制(pricecontrolsinVenezue-
la),122—123
价格稳定政策( price stability policy),494—495供给、需求与弹性( supply , demand and elastic-ity),103—105
民航业中的价格歧视( Airline industry, price dis-crimination in) , 329—330
乔治·阿克洛夫( Akerlof, George),484
Alkire,Caroline,37
Alm,Richard,439—440
美洲航空公司( American Airlines) , 379
《无政府、国家与乌托邦》(诺齐克) Anarchy,Sate, and Utopia ( Nozick),444
反贫困计划( Antipoverty programs),445—451
作为公共物品的反贫困( fighting, as publicgood),229—230
与实物转移支付( in-kind transfers and),447—449
最低工资法( minimum-wage laws) , 446
负所得税( negative income tax),447
与福利(welfare and),446—447
与工作激励( work incentives and),449—451
反托拉斯法( Antitust laws),332—333,378—384
《克莱顿反托拉斯法》( Clayton Antitrust Act),378—379
关于反托拉斯法的争论( controversies over),379—383
微软案( Microsoft case),383—384
与寡头( oligopolies and),378—379
掠夺式定价( predatory pricing),381—382
公开的价格勾结( public price fixing),380
转售价格维持( resale price maintenance ),380—381
《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》( Sherman Antitrust Act),378
搭售(tying),383
套利( Arbitrage),327—328
作为囚徒困境的军备竞赛( Arms race, as prison-ers' dilemma),373—374
肯尼思·阿罗(Arrow,Kenneth),491
阿罗不可能性定理( Arrow 'S impossibility theo-rem),491,491
假设( Assumptions),23
不对称信息( Asymmetric information),484—489
逆向选择( adverse selection),485—486
道德风险( moral hazard),484—485
与公共政策( public policy and),489
与引起信息披露的筛选( screening to induceinformation revelation),488
为传递信息发信号(signaling to convey informa-tion),487—488
美国电话电报公司( AT&T),332
Auerbach, Alan,171
罗伯特·奥曼( Aumann,Robert),377
汽车行业( Automobile industry )
与逆向选择( adverse selection and),485
安全法(safety laws),7—8
平均固定成本( Average fixed cost),276, 283平均固定成本曲线( Average fixed cost curve) ,277,279
平均收益( Average revenue),291
平均税率( Average tax rate),252
平均总成本( Average total cost),276,283
与边际成本的关系(related to marginal cost),278
短期与长期(in short-run vs. long-run),280—281
平均总成本曲线[ Average total cost ( ATC )curve],277,278,279
平均可变成本( Average variable cost),276,283
平均可变成本曲线[ Average variable cost ( AVC)curve],277,279
Axelrod, Robert, 360
B
Barboza,David,59
柱形图( Bar graph),40—41
进入壁垒的形成原因( Barriers to entry,sources of),312
Barry,Dave, 494—495
漂亮与工资( Beauty, wages and),418—419
行为经济学( Behavioral economics),494,494—500
与理性的背离( deviations from rationality ),495—496
与公正( faimess and),497
前后不一致性( inconsistency over time),497—500
神经经济学( neuro-economics),498—499
储蓄心理学( psychology of savings),499—500
Belichick,Bill,33
受益原则( Benefits principle),254
李·宾哈姆( Benham,Lee),357
杰瑞米·边沁( Bentham, Jeremy),442
Bermasck,Anna,98
Berrebi,Claude,420
马拉尼·博泰德( Bertand, Marianne) , 424
杰夫·比德尔( Biddle,Jeff),418
黑死病( Black Death),409
黑人( Blacks)
与贫困( poverty and),438
Blank,Rebecca,450—451
博达计算( Borda count),491
Bossaerts,Peter,498
博茨瓦纳,偷猎大象( Bolswana,elephant poac-hing),237
有限理性( Bounded rationality),495
品牌( Brand names),359—360
布拉尼夫航空公司( Braniff Airways),379
巴西( Brazil)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
税收负担(tax burden in),243
百老汇演出与价格歧视(Broadwayshowsandpricediserimination),330—331
Brodsky,Richard,235
破窗谬论( Broken window allacy),15
预算约束线( Budget constraint),458
与消费者选择( consumer choice and),458—459
预算赤字( Budget deficit) , 246
增长的医疗费用与老年人口( growing healthearecosts and elderly population),246—248
预算赤字的规模(size of),246
预算盈余( Budget surplus),246
乔治·w·布什(Bush, George W.),159
这一时期的减税(tax cuts under),259—260
经济周期( Business eyele),15
买者(Buyers)。参看“顾客" ( See also Customers)买者人数与需求曲线移动(number of,and shifts in demand),71
向买者征税对市场结果的影响(taxeson,ffeteon market outcome),125—127
加拿大( Canada)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
劳动税( labor tax),171
自由贸易的多边方法( multilateral approach to free trade),192—193
北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA),192
税收负担( tax burden in),243
限制与贸易制度( Cap-and-trade system),217
资本(Capital),406
作为机会成本的资本成本(cost of,as opportu-nity cost),269—270
资本市场均衡( eqilibrium in markets for),406—407
人力资本( human),414—416,415
资本收入(Capital income),408
Capone,AI,241
碳税(Carbon tax),216—217
Carnegie,Andrew,474
卡特尔(Cartel),367。参看石油输出国组织[ Seealso Organization of Petroleum Exporing Coun-tries (OPEC) ]
作为卡特尔的OPEC(OPEC as),373
公开的价格勾结( public price fixing),380
合作的原因( reasons for cooperation),376
原因与结果( Cause and elect),46—48
中央计划经济( Centrally planned economies),9,150。参看具体国家( See also speific coun-tries)
爱德华·张伯伦( Chamberlin,Edward),360
机遇与工资( Chance,wages and),416,418
查韦斯( Chavez, Hugo),122—123
童工与贫穷( Child labor, poverty and),448—449智利,自由贸易的单边方法(Chile,wilateralap-proach to free trade),192
中国( China)
限制与贸易制度( cap-and-trade system),217
碳税(carbon tax),217
自由贸易与工资(free trade and wage),193
游戏工厂(game-playing factories),59
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
“永久性正常贸易关系”身份(" Permanent Normal Trade Relations" status for),194
选择(Choice)。参看“消费者选择”、“最优化”( See Consumer choice;Optimization)
循环流量图( Circular flow diagram),24,24—25《克莱顿反托拉斯法》( Clayton Anitrust Aet),332,378—379
清洁空气法(Clean Air Aet),37,214
作为公共资源的清洁室气与水(Clean air and water,as common resouree),233—234
比尔.克林顿( Clinton, Bill),450
税收(taxes),259- 260
罗纳德.科斯( Coase, Ronald),217
科斯定理( Coase theorem),217, 217—219
勾结( Collusion),367
玛丽.科拉姆( Colum, Mary),433
命令与控制政策( Command-and-control policy),209—210
公共资源( Common resources) , 227, 232—237
清洁的空气与水(elean air and water),233—234
与拥挤的道路( congested roads and),234—236
产权的重要性( importance of property rights),237
与囚徒困境( prisoners' dilemma and ) , 374—375
公地悲剧(Tragedy of the Commons),232—233
作为公共资源的野生动物( wildlife as),236
比较优势( Comparative advantage),54—59,55
绝对优势( absolute advantage),54
应用( pplieations o),57—59
与机会成本( pportumity cost and),54—55
与贸易( trade and),54
与世界价格(worldpriceand),179
补偿性工资差别( Compensaing diferentials ),414,423
竞争( Competition )
不完全克争( imperfeet),346。参看“垄断竞争”、“寡头”( See also Monopolistie competi-tion;Oligopoly)
与市场( markets and),66—67
完全竞争(perfect),66—67
完全竞争与垄断竞争( prfeet vs. monopolis-tic),351—352,361
支持贸易限制的不公平竟争论( unfair-competition argument for trade restriction),191
竞争企业( Competitive firms)
劳动需求( labor demand of),393—396
进入或退出市场的长期决策(long-rundecision to exit or enter market),298—299
边际成本曲线与供给决策( marginal-cost curve and supply decision) , 293—295
用图形衡量利润( measuring profil graphically),299—300
与垄断企业(vs. monopoly),315—316,337
利润最大化( profit maximization),292—295
竞争企业的收益( revenue of),290—292
停止营业的短期央策(short-rundeeisiontoshut down),295—297
与沉没成本(sunk costs and),297—298
供给决策( supply decision of),293—295
竞争市场( Compeitive markets),66,290,290—306,347—348。参看"价格接受者"(See alsoPrice takers)
竟争市场的特征( characteristics of),290
短期与长期的需求移动(demandshiftsinlong and short run),303—306
竞争市场上的企业(firs in)。参看“竞争企业( See Competitive firms)
有进入与退出时的市场供给(marketsupply with entry and exit),301—302
有固定企业数量时的市场供给(marketsupply with fixed number of frms),301
供给曲线( supply curve in),300,306
向右上方倾斜的长期供给曲线(upwardsloping
long-run supply curve in),304,306
与零利润( zero economie proft and),302—303
互补品( Complements),70
需求的交叉弹性( cross-price elasieity of de~mand),99
完全互补品( perfeet),463—464
集中半( Concentration ratio),346
马奎斯·康多塞( Condoreet,Marquis de),490
康多塞悖论( Condoret paradox),490,490
拥挤( Congestion)
与公共资源( common resource and),234—236
拥堵定价( congestion pricing),234—235
与汽油税( gasoline tax and),211
与收费道路( toll roads and),234—235
国会预算办公室( Congressional Budget fce),31
规模收益不变( Constant returns to seale),281
消费者选择( Consumer choice),457—479
预算约東( budget constraints),458—459
消费者的最优选择( consumer's opimal choices),464—466
需求曲线的推导( demand curve derivation ),470—471
青芬物品( Giflen goods),472—473
与收入变动( income changes and),466—467
与收入效应( income efeet and),468—470
利率和家庭储蓄( interest rates and household savings),477—479
边际替代率( marginal rate of substitution),460
与最优化( optimization and)。 参看“最优化”( See Optimization )
完全互补品( perfect complements),463—464
完全替代品( perfeet substiutes),463
偏好(preferences),459—464
与价格变动( price changes and),467—468
替代效应( substitution efect),468—470
消费者剩余( Consumer surplus),138—142,139
与效率( fficiency and),148—149
与均衡( equilibrium and),148—150
作为经济福利的衡量指标(asmeasureofeco-nomie well-being),141—142
用需求曲线衡量( measuring with demand curve),139—140
价格降低引起消费者剩余增加(raising of,by lowering price),140—141
支付意愿( wllingness to pay),138—139
消费( Consumption)。参看“消费者选择"(Seealso Consumer choice)
消费中的竞争性(rival in),226
消费税( Consumption tax),251
合作( Cooperation)
与囚徒困境( prisoners' dilemma and),370—378
原因( reasons for),376
坐标系( Coordinate system),41—46
协调问题与规模不经济( Coordinaion problems,
diseconomies of scale and) , 281
版权法( Copyright laws),314
公司所得税( Corporate income tax),244—245
负担( burden of),257
公司与道德风险( Corporations. moral hazard and),485—486,486
矫正税( Coreetive tax),210
作为矫正E税的汽油税(gas tax as),211—212
正相关与负相关( Corelaion, positive and nega-tive),42
成本一收益分析( Cost-benefit analysis),231
成本曲线(Cost curves),277—279
成本曲线的形状(shape of),276—278
总成本、生产雨数与成本曲线( total-cost,pro-duetion function and) , 272—273
典型的成本曲线( typical),278—279
成本[Cost(s)],143
与规模经济( economies of scale and)。参看“规模不经济”、“规模经济" ( See Diseconomies of scale;Economies of scale )
显性成本(expicit),269,283
固定成本(fixed),274,276,283
隐性成本( implicit),269,283
边际成本( marginal)。参看“边际成本”( See Marginal cost)
成本的衡量( measures of),274—279
机会成本(opportunity)。参看“机会成本"(See Opportunity cost)
与生产者刺余( producer surplus and),143—144
与生产(production and),271—273
短期成本与长期成本( in short- and long-run),280—281
社会成本( social),206—207
沉没成本(sunk),296,296—297
总成本(total),268,276,283
交易成本( transaction),219
可变成本(variable),275,276,283
经济顾问委员会( Council of Economie Advisers),31,32—33
Cowen, Tyler,441,498—499
Cox,Michael,439—440
CPI。参看“消费物价指数" [ See Consumer price index (CPI)]
Crandall,Robent,379
需求的交叉弹性( Cross-price elasticity of de-mand),99,99
Cummins,Vincent,334—335
曲线(Curves),42—44。参看“具体曲线"( See :also specific curres )
沿着曲线变动( movement along),43—44
曲线的移动( shifts of),43—44
曲线的斜率(slope of),44—46
顾客,劳动市场歧视( Customers,labor-market dis-crimination),426—428
D
Davies,Ken,37
无谓损失( Deadweight loss),160—172,163
与福利的变动( changes in welfare and),161—163
决定因素( determinants of),164—167
与弹性( elasticity and),164—166
贸易的好处( gains from trade),163—164
劳动税(labor tax),166—167
垄断的无谓损失( of monopoly),323—325
关税的无谓损失(of tarif),185—186
对市场参与者的税收效应( lax ffeets on market participants and),161—163
税收的无谓损失(of taxes),250
与税收收入(tax revenue and),167—171
戴比尔斯公司( DeBeers),313
政府债务(Debt, govemment)。参看“政府债务”( See Govemment debt)
需求( Demand),67-72。参看“均衡”(See also Equilibrium)
总需求(aggregate)。参看“总需求”、”总需求
和总供给模型”(See Aggregate demand;Mod-el of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)
需求变动(changes in),79
需求减少( decrease in),69,70
富有弹性的需求(elastic),90,93
需求弹性(elasticity of)。参看“需求弹性”( See Demand elastieity)
供求均衡( equilibrium of supply and demand),77—82
超额需求(excess),78
与预期( expectations and),71
收入变动( income changes),70
需求增加(increase in),69,70
个人需求(individual),68—69
缺乏弹性的需求( inelastic),90,93
劳动需求(for labor)。参看“劳动需求”(See Labor demand)
需求定理(law of),67
市场需求(market),68—69
与买者数量( number of buyers and),71
完全有弹性的需求( pefeetly elastic),93,94
完全无弹性的需求(perfetlyinelasic),93,94
与相关物品的价格(priceofrelatedgoodsand),70
减少吸烟( redueing smoking),71—72
价格与需求量之间的关系( relationship between price and quantity demanded),67—68
竞争市场上的短期移动与长期移动( shifts in long and short run, in competitive markets),303—306
与嗜好(taste and),70
需求曲线( Demand curve),42—44,67—71,68
总需求(aggregate)。参看“总需求曲线"(See Agregate-demand curve)
需求曲线的推导( derivation of),470—471
用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余( measuring con-sumer surplus using) ,139—140
与需求价格弹性( price elasticity of demand and),92—94
需求曲线的移动( shifts in),69—71,303—306
需求曲线的斜率( slope of),472
需求弹性( Demand elasticity),90—99
应用( applications of),102—108
需求的价格交叉弹性( cross-price elasticity of demand),99
与无谓损失(deadweight loss and),164—166
需求的收入弹性( ineome),97—99
需求的价格弹性(price),90,90—99
需求表( Demand schedule),67
派生需求( Derived demand),392
发达国家,自由贸易与工资( Developed countries,free trade and wages),192—193
发展中国家,自由贸易与工资( Developing coun-tries,free trade and wages),192—193
边际产量递减( Diminishing marginal product),273,394
边际效用递减与功利主义( Diminishing marginal utility, uilitarianism and),442
折扣券( Discount coupons),330
歧视( Discrimination),422
顾客与政府的歧视( by customers and govem-ments),426—428
麻主的歧视( by employer),424—426
劳动市场的歧视(in labor market),422—428
价格歧视(price)。参看“价格歧视"( See Price discrimination)
与利润动机( proit motive and),424—426
体育运动中的歧视(in sports),428
规模不经济( Disecononies of scale),281
新古典分配理论( Distribution, neoclassical theory of),409
红利( Dividends),408
占优策略( Dominant strategy),371
双重征税( Double taxation),245
禁毒的供给弹性与需求弹性( Drug interdiction ,
supply,demand and elasticity),106—108
双头( Duopoly),366
E
劳动收入税收减免[ Earmed Income Tax Credit (EITC)],123,447
经济增长( Economic growth)
与生产可能性边界( production pssibilities fron-tier and),28
经济流动性( Economie mobility),440
经济模型( Economic models),23—28
经济利润( Economic proft),270
与市场进入( market entry and),301—302
《总统经济报告》( Economic Report of the Presi-dent),31
经济学( Economics),4
环境经济学( environmental),37
学习经济学的原因(reasons for studying),14—15
经济福利( Economie welfare)
与广告( advertising and),356—357
作为衡量指标的消费者剩余( consumer surplus
as measure of),141—142
与外部性( externalities and),205—209
国际贸易的得失( gains and losses from international trade ),180—183
与垄断( monopolies and),322—326
与垄断竞争( monopolistic competition and),352—354
税收对经济福利的影响( tax effect on),161—163
经济( Economies)
中央计划经济( centrally planned),9
市场经济( market),9—10
开放经济(open)。参看“开放经济"( See Open economies)
规模经济( Economies of seale),281
与国际贸易( international trade and),188
与垄断( monopoly and),314—315
经济学家( Economist)
经济学家、会计师和机会成本(vs. accountants and opportunity costs),269
经济学家之间的不一致(disagreement among)34—36
环保经济学家( green),37
作为公共政策顾问( as policy adviser),28—32
作为科学家( ns scientist),20—28
Edmonds. Erie V.,448—449
教育( Edueation)。参看“人力资本"( See also Human eapital)
大学教育的费用( cost of college),5—6
教育的人力资本的观点( as human eapital view of),415—416
教育的正外部性( as positive externality),20
教育的发信号理论( signaling theory of),419
州与地方教育支出( state and local spending for),249
与恐怖主义( terrorists and),420
与工资( wages and),415—416
Edwards,John,189
效率( Efficiency),5,147,147—154
与政府干预( govemment Intervention and)11—12
与市场均衡( market equilibrium and)148—152
与市场失灵( market failure and),152,154
与人体器官市场( market for human organs and),150,152
与垄断( monopoly and),323—325
与生产可能性边界( production and),26—27
与税收( taxes and),249—253
与倒票( ticket scalping and),151
与总剩余( total surplus and),147—148
效率工资( Efficieney wages),422
有效规模( Efficient seale),278,302,352
努力与工资( Effort,wages and),416,418
艾伯特·爱因斯坦( Einstein,Albert),22
富有弹性的需求( Elastic demand),90,93
弹性( Elasticity),89—108,90
应用( applications of),102—10
与无谓损失( deadweight loss and),164—166
需求弹性( of denand)。参看“需求弹性”(Se Demand elasticity
需求的收入弹性)97,99
供给弹性( of supply),99—102
税收归宿( tax incidence),128—130
富有弹性的供给( Elastie supply),100,101
电力,需求价格弹性( Electricity,price elasticity of demand),98
作为公共资源的大象( Elephant,as common re-source),236—237
雇主引起的劳动市场歧视( Employers,labor-mar ket discrimination by ) 424—426
就业( Employment)
道德风险( moral hazard),484—485
外包( outsourcing),187,189,19
英格兰( England)。参看“大不列颠”、“联合王国]"(See Great Britain: United Kingdom)
安然公司(Enron),486
进入与退出一个行业( Entry/exit into industry)
进入壁垒( barriers t0 entry),312—315
与竞争市场( competitive markets and),290
进入与退出的长期决策(long-rundecisionto),298—299
长期中有进入与退出的市场供给(marketsup-ply in long run with),301—303
与垄断竞争( monopolistice competition and),347
环境保护( Environmental Defense),37
环境经济学( Environmental economics),37
环境保护署[ Environmental Proteection Agency
(EPA)],37,210,212—214
平等(Equality),5,148
政府干预与平等( government intervention and),12
均衡( Equilibrium),77,77—82
均衡变动的分析( analyzing changes in),79—82
与效率( eficiencey and),148—152
劳动市场均衡( in labor market),400—404
土地与资本市场均衡( in markets for land and capital),406—407
长期的垄断竟争市场均衡( monopolistic compe-tition in long-run),348—351
纳什均衡( Nash equilibrium),368—369
寡头均衡( for oligopoly),368—369
没有国际贸易时的均衡( without intermational trade),178—179
均衡价格( Equilibrium price),77
均衡数量( Equilibrium quantity),77
平等( Equity)
横向平等( horizontal),254
与税收(taxes and),253—260
纵向平等( vertical),254
垄断竞争下的过剩生产能力( Excess capacity of monopolistic competition),351—352
销售税( Excise taxes),245
排他性( Excludability),226
预期( Expectations)
与需求曲线移动( shifs in demand and),71
与供给曲线移动( shifts in supply curve related to),76
显性成本( Explicit costs),269,283
出口(Exports), 58。参看“国际贸易”(See also International trade)
进口国的得失( gains and losses of exporting countries),180—181
净出口(net),692。参看“净出口”(See also Net exports)
外部性( Extermalities),11,154,203—219,204
碳税(carbon tax),216—217
科斯定理( Coase theorem),217—219
命令与控制政策( command- and-control policy),209—210
矫正税与补贴( crrective taxes and subsidies),210,212
搭便车者问题( free rider problem),228
与汽油税(gas tax and),211—212
与产权的重要性( importance of property rights and),237
外部性内在化( intermalizing),207
与市场无效率( market infficieney and),204—209
垄断竞争与市场进入( monopolistic competition and market entry),353
负外部性(negative),204,205—207。 参看"污染”( See also Pollution)
正外部性( positive),204,207—208
外部性的私人解决方法( private solutions to),215—219
对外部性的公共政策( public policies toward),209—215
与技术溢出效应( technology spillovers and) ,208—209
可交易的污染许可证( tradable pollution per-mits),212—214
公地悲剧(Tragedy of the Commons),232—233
与交易费用( transaction costs and),219
F
要素市场( Factor markets),392—409
劳动市场(for labor)。参看“劳动"条(See Larbor entries)
生产要素( Factors of Produetion),24—25,392。参看“资本"、"劳动”(See also Capital;Labor)
劳动需求( demand for labor),392—399
劳动市场均衡( equilibrium in labor market),400—405
土地与资本( land and capital),405—409
生产要素之间的联系( linkages among),407—409
新古典分配理论( neoclassical theory of distribu-tion),409
生产率与工资( productivity and wages),404—405
劳动供给( supply of labor),399—400
《公平劳动标准法案》( Fair Labor Standards Aet),119
公平与行为经济学(Faimness, behavioral econom-ics and),497
公平贸易(Fair trade),380—381
农产品( Farming)
农业补贴( farm subsidies),494—495
供给需求与弹性( supply,demand and elastic-ity),103—105
《农业保障法案》( Farn Security Act),494—495
联邦政府( Federal govenment),243—248
预算(budgetof)。参看“平衡的预算"、“预算"条( See Balanced budget; Budget entries)
预算收入( rceipts),243—245
预算支出( spending),245—246
联邦储备系统[ Federal Reserve System ( Fed) ],31
马丁.费尔德斯坦( Feldstein, Martin),216
《联邦保险支付法案》[ Federal Insurance Contribu-tion Act (FICA)],128
资金援助( Financial aid),331
企业( Firms)
循环流量图中的企业( in circular-flow dia-gram),24—25
竞争企业( competive)。参看"竞争企业”(See Competitive firms)
企业的劳动需求(labordemandof)。参看“劳动需求" ( See Labor demand)
垄断竞争企业( monopolistically competitive) 。参看“垄断竟争"( See Monopolistic competi-tion)
垄断企业( monopoly)。参看“垄断"(See Mo-nopoly)
企业的数量与市场结构( number of,and market structure) , 347
Fisher,Franklin,383
固定成本( Fixed costs),274,283
平均固定成本( average),276
流动,国际的( Flows, intenational)。 参看“出口”、"进口”、“国际流动”、“国际贸易”、“净出口”( See Exports;Imports;Intemational flows;International trade;Net exports)
食品券计划( Food Stamp program),229,245,448
杰拉尔德.福特(Ford, Gerald),13
401(k)计划[401(k) plans],251
自动签署( default enrollment for),496,500
法国(France)
与劳动税( labor tax and),170
税收负担(tax burden in),243
本杰明·弗兰克林( Franklin, Benjamin),241
搭便车者(Free rider),228
自由贸易(Free trade),57
利益( benefits of),192—194
多边方法( mulilateral approach to),192—194
外包( outsourcing),187,189,192
单边方法( unilateral approach),192
与工资(wages and),192—193
米尔顿·弗里德曼( Friedman,Milton),354
G
贸易的好处( Gains from trade)
比较优势( comparative advantage),54—59
与无谓损失( deadweight losses and),163—164
出口国从贸易中得到的好处(ofexporingcoun-tries),180—181
进口国从贸易中得到的好处(ofimportingcoun-tries),181—183
生产可能性边界( production pssibilies fron-tier),50—54
专业化( specialization),55—56
约翰·肯尼思·加尔布雷思( Galbraith,JohnKenneth),358
Gallegos,Raul,122—123
游戏工厂( Game-playing factories),59
博奔论(Game theory),365,370—378
占优策略( dominant strategy),371
与诺贝尔奖(Noble Prize and),377
囚徒困境( prisoners' dilemma),370—378
合作的理由( reasons for cooperation) , 376
一报还一报策略( it-for-tat strategy),377—378
汽油( Gasoline)。参看“石油行业”(See also oil industry )
汽油税( Gas tax)
与受益原则( benefits prineiple and),254
作为矫正税( as corrective tax),211—212
与道路拥堵( road congestion and),211,234—236
比尔.盖茨(Gates,Bill,383—384
GDP。参看“国内生产总值"[ See Gross domestic product (GDP) ]
性别差异( Gender)。参看“妇女”( See also women)
竞争的工作环境( competitive work environ ments),426—427
根据性别的劳动市场歧视( labor-market dis-crimination based on),422—423
关税与贸易总协定[ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)],192—193
亨利.乔治(George, Henry),169
德国( Germany)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
通货膨胀( inflation in),13
劳动税(labor tax),170
税收负担( tax burden in),243
罗伯特.吉芬( Giffen, Robert),472
吉芬物品( Giffen good),472
作为信号的礼物(Gits,as signals),487—488
物品(Goods) , 70
互补品( complements),70
物品的排他性( exeludability of),226
吉芬物品( Giffen),472
低档物品(inferior),70,467
物品市场(markets for),24—25
正常物品( normal),467
相关物品的价格与需求(price of related,and demand),70
私人物品( private),226
公共物品( public),226,226—230
物品的竞争性(rivalry of),226
替代品( substitutes),70,90
Goolsbee,Austan,9,420
Goulder,Lawrence,37
政府( Government)
政府的利益( benefits of),10—11
联邦政府( federal),243—248
政府引起的劳动市场歧视( labor-market dis-crimination) , 426
地方政府(local),242,248—249
政府创造的垄断( monopolies created by),313—314
政府政策( Government policy)。 参看“公共政策”(See also Public policy)
针对外部性的政府政策( for extermalities),209—215
价格上限(price ceilings),114—118
价格下限( price floors),118—123
政府支出( Government spending)
未来的预算赤字与挑战( budget deficit and chal-lenges ahead) ,246—248
联邦政府支出(by federal government),245—246
图形(Graphs),40—48
原因和结果( cause and ffct),46—48
与曲线(curves and),42—44
用图形衡量利润( measuring profit by),299—300
单变量的图形( of single variable),40—41
斜率(slope of),44—46
两个变量的图形(of two variables),41—42
绿色经济学家( Green economists) , 37
绿色和平组织( Greenpeace),37
艾伦·格林斯潘( Greenspan, Alan,31,251
Gross,Daniel,500
“大炮与黄油"的权衡取含(“Guns and butter" tradeff),4
H
Hamermesh,Daniel,418
Hastert,Dennis,189
Hayek,Frederie,358
医疗费用与预算赤字( Healthcare costs, budget deficit and growing),246—248
氨气市场( Helium market),83
欧内斯特.海明威( Hemingway, Emest),431
Hilsenrath,Jon E. , 377
西班牙裔人与贫困率( Hispanics,poverty rate and),438
小奥立弗·温德尔.霍姆斯( Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. ),159
香港,自由贸易与I资( Hong Kong, free trade and wages),193
横向平等( Horizontal equity),254,254,256
与边际税率( marringe tax and),257—259
家庭( Households)
循环流量图中的家庭( in circular-low dia-gram),24—25
家庭而临的决策( decisions faced by),3
住房( Housing)
租金控制(rent control),117—118,122—123
人力资本( Human capital),414—416,415
作为人力资本的教育( education as),415—416
I
移民( Immigration)
移民的经济影响( economic ffeet of),402—403
移民人口的规模( size of immigration popula-tion),402
移民的变动与劳动供给( Immigration, changes in and labor supply),400
不完全竟争( Imperfeet competition), 346。参看“垄断竞争”、“寡头”( See also Monopolistic compeition;Oligopoly)
隐性成本( Implicit cost),269,283
资本的成本(cost of capital as),269—270
进口配额( Import quota),36
与关税比较( compared to tarif),185
进口( Imports), 58。参看“国际贸易"(See also Intermational trade )
进口国的得失( gains and losses of importing countries),181—183
激励( Incentives),7,7—8
品牌( brand names),360
激励性工资( incentive pay),9
收入( Income)
资本的收人( capital),408
与消费者选择( consumer choice and),466—467
与税收负担分配( distribution of tax burden and),255—256
激励型工资( incentive pay),9
收入的生命周期( life eyele),439
持久收入( permanent),439
与需求移动( shifts in demand and),70
与税率(tax rate and),244
收入分配( Income distribution)。参看“收入不平等”、“收入再分配”.“贫困”(See Income ine-quality;Income redistribution;Poverty)
收入效应( Ineome ffet),468,468—470
利率( interest rates),478—479
与劳动供给( labor supply and),476
需求的收入弹性( Income elasticity of demand ),97,97,99
收入不平等( Income inequality),433—451。参看“贫困"(See also Poverty)
经济流动性( economie mobility),440
与贫困率( poverty rate and),437—439
衡量中的问题( problems in measuring),438—440
收入再分配( redistribuing income),442—445
上升(rise in),435,439—440,441
美国的收入不平等(in United States),434—435,436
世界的收入不平等( worldwide),435—436
收入再分配( Income redistribution),442—445
自由主义( liberalism),443—444
自由至上主义( libertarianism),444—445
最大最小准则( maximin criterion),444
与功利主义( uiliarianism and),442—443
所得税( Income tax)。参看“税收”条(See also Tax entries)
负所得税( negative),447
印度( India)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
税收负担(tax burden in),243
无差异曲线( ndiference curve),460,460—464
收入效应( income efect),469,470
完全互补品( pefeet complements),463—464
完全替代品( perfeet substitutes),463
与偏好( preferenees and),460—461
特征( properties of),461—462
替代效应( substitution ffeet),469—470
个人需求( Individual demand),68—69
与市场需求(vs. market demand),68—69
个人所得税( Individual income tax)。参看“税收"条( See also Tax entries)
作为联邦政府收入来源( as revenue souree for federal goverment),244
个人退休金账户[ Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA)],251
个人供给与市场供给( Individual supply vs. mar-ket supply),73—74
产业组织( Indutrial organization),267—268
产业政策( Industrial policy),209
行业( Industries)。参看具体行业(See specifie in dustries )
无效率( Iefficiencey)
与外部性( extemalities and),204—209
与垄断竟争( monopolistic competition and),353
缺乏弹性的需求( Inelastie demand),90,93
缺乏弹性的供给( inelastic supply),100,101
支持贸易限制的幼雅产业论(Ifant-industryargu-ment for trade restriction),190—191
低档物品( Inferior good),70,467
与收入变动( income change and),466—467
需求的收入弹性( income elasticity of demand),97,99
通货膨胀( Inflation),12,13—14
与失业之间的权衡取含(tradeoffwithunem-ployment),14—15
不对称信息( Information, asymmetric)。 参看“不对称信息”( See Asymmetrie information)
实物转移支付( In-kind transfers),438
与不平等程度的衡量( measuring inequality and),438—439
与减少贫困( reducing poverty and),447—449
投入品(Inputs)。参看“生产要素”和具体的生产要索( See Factors of production; specific factors of production)
《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》(斯密)[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Smith)],10,57,282
保险( Insurance)
逆向选择( adverse selection),485—486
道德风险( moral hazard),485
与筛选( screening and),488
利息( Interest),408
利率[ Interest rate(s)]
与家庭储蓄( household savings and),477—477
收入效应( income ffeet),478—479
替代效应( substitution ffeet),478—479
外部性内在化( Interalizing the extemality),207
国际贸易( Intemational trade),177—195
利益( benefits of),186,188
比较优势( comparative advantage)。 参看“比较优势"( See Comparative advantage)
决定因索( determinants of),178—179
关税对国际贸易的影响(fleet of tariff on),183—185
没有国际贸易时的均衡(equilibriumwithout),178—179
自由贸易(free trade),192—194
出口国的得失(gains and lsses of exporting countries),180—181
进口国的得失(gains and losses of imporing countries),181—183
自由贸易的多边方法( multilateral approach to free trade),192
外包( outsoureing),187,189,192
限制( restriction on)。参看“贸易限制”( See Trade restrictions)
与贸易政策(trade policy and),185—186
美国的国际贸易(of United States),58—59
与世界价格( world price and),179
图文公司(Intuit),312,332
看不见的手( Invisible hand),10—11,150,153
以色列,劳动供给移动( lsrael, labor supply shift in),402
意大利(Italy)
劳动税(labor tax),170
J
Jackson,Penfield,384
Jacoby,Jeff,153
詹姆斯·勒布朗(James, LeBron),7
日本( Japan)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
劳动税( labor tax),170
支持贸易限制的工作岗位论( Jobs argument for trade restriction),188—190
K
约翰·F.肯尼迪( Kennedy, John F. ),437
Kernan,Joseph,189
Kerry,John,189
约翰.梅纳德.凯恩斯( Keynes, John Maynard),31
Knutson, Brian,498
Kolbert, Elizabeth,234—235
保罗·克魯格曼( Krugman, Paul),193
Kuhnen,Camelia,498
《京都议定书》( Kyoto treaty),217
L
劳动( Labor)
支持贸易限制的工作岗位论(jobsargumentfor trade restriction),188—190
劳动的边际产量( marginal product)。参看"劳动的边际产量"( See Marginal produet of la-bor)
劳动的税收(taxes on),166—167,170
劳动需求( Labor demand),392—399
竞争的、以利润最大化为目标的企业的劳动需求( competitive proft maximizing firm),393—396
作为派生需求(as derived demand),392
与最低工资( minimum wage and),120—121
与产品价格( output price and),397
生产函数与劳动边际产量( production function and marginal product of labor),393—395
移动(shifs in),397—399,403—404
与技术( technology and),397—398
与边际产量值( value of marginal produet and),395—396
劳动市场( Labor market)
均衡( equilibrium in),400,404
移民与经济影响( immigration and economic efct),402—403
制造业工作岗位的流失( loss of manufacturing jobs),417
与最低工资( minimum wage and),119—121
与买方垄断( monopsony and),406
生产率与工资( productivity and wages),404—405
劳动市场歧视( Labor market diserimination ),422—428
顾客和政府引起的劳动市场歧视(bycustomers and govermments),426—428
雇主引起的劳动市场歧视( by employers),424—426
劳动市场歧视的衡量( measuring),422—424
体育运动中的劳动市场歧视(in sports),428
劳动供给( Labor supply)
与收入效应( income efct and),476
移动(shifs in),399—400,400—402
与工资(wages and),473—476
劳动税( Labor tax)
劳动税的无谓损失(deadweightlossof),166—167
各国的劳动税( in various countries),170
阿瑟.拉弗( Lffer, Arthur),169—171
拉弗曲线(Laffer eurve),171
自由放任政策( Laissez-faire policy),150
土地市场均衡( Land market, equilibrium in ),406—407
Landsburg,Steven,187
土地税(Land tax),169
需求定理(Law of demand),67
供给定理(Law of supply),73
供求定理(Law of supply and demand),78
Leslie,Phillip,330—331
自由主义( Liberalism),443
收入再分配( income redistribution),443—444
自由至上主义( Libertarianism),444
收入再分配( income redistribution),444,445
生命周期( Life cyele),439
作为公共物品的灯塔( Lighthouses,as public good),230
Lindsay,Alistair,380
肯·利文斯通( Livingstone,Ken),235
可贷资金( Loanable funds)。 参看“可贷资金市场”(See Market for loanable funds)
地方政府( Local govemment)
收入(receipts of),242,248—249
支出( spending),249
朗·罗素(Long, Russell),253
长期(Long run)
长期成本(costs in),280—281
进入与退出市场的决策(decisiontoexitorenter marker),298—299
需求移动( demand shifs in),303—306
有进入与退出时的市场供给(marketsupply with entry and exit),301—302
租金控制( rent control in),117—18
垄断竞争的长期均衡( Long nun eqilibrium,mo-nopolistic competition),348—351
损失( Losses)
无谓损失( deadweight)。参看“无谓损失"(See Deadweight loss)
出口国的损失( of exporting countries),180—181
进口国的损失(of importing countrics),181—183
路德派( Laddites),398
定额税( Lamp-sum tax),253
奢侈品( Luxuries )
需求收入弹性( income elasicity of demand),99
与需求价格弹性( price elasticity of demand and),90
奢侈品税(Luxury lax),130
M
宏观经济学( Macroeconomics),28,28—30,27
马拉维,大象猎杀( Malawi,elephant poaching),237
制造业工作岗位的流失( Manufacturing jobs,loss of),417
边际利益( Marginal benefit),6
边际变动( Marginal changes),6
边际成本( Marginal cost),6,276,283
自然垄断的边际成本定价( marginal-cost pricing for natural monopoly) , 335—336
与劳动的边际产量( marginal produet of labor and),397
垄断竞争时的加成( markup over, in monopolis-tic competition) , 352
与平均总成本的关系( related to average total cost),278
边际成本递增( rising),277
边际成本曲线( Marginal cost curve),277,279
与企业供给决策( firm's supply decision and),293—295
边际产量( Marginal product),272,394
边际产量递减(diminishing) , 273,394—395
边际产量值(value of),395—396
劳动的边际产量( Marginal product of labor)
递减( diminishing),394—395
与边际成本( marginal cost and),397
与生产函数( production funetion and),393—395
劳动边际产量值与劳动需求( value of, demand for labor and),395—396
边际替代率( Marginal rate of substitution),460,465—466
与边际效用( marginal wility and),465
边际收益( Marginal revenue),292
垄断的边际收益( of monopoly),317—318
边际收益产量( Marginal revenue produet),395
边际税率( Marginal tax rate),244,252,252—253
边际效用与偏好( Marginal wtility, preferences and),465
市场[ Market(s)],66。参看具体市场(See also specific markets)
竞争市场(competitive)。参看“竞争市场”(See Competitive markets)
市场的定义与需求价格弹性(definitionof,and price elasticity of demand),91
生产要素市场(for factors of production),24—25
物品与劳务市场(for goods and services),24—25
市场结构( strueture),347—348
以市场为基础的政策( Market based policy),210—215
市场需求( Market demand),68—69
与个人需求(vs. individual demand),68—69
市场经济( Market economy),9
市场效率( Market fficiency)。参看“效率”( See Eficieney)
市场失灵( Market failure),11。参看“外部性”( See also Extemalities)
与效率( eficiency and),154
多样性不充分是一种市场失灵( isuffcient variety as),354—355
市场势力( Market power),11,152,154
市场结构( Market structure)
与集中率( concentration ratio and),346
各种类型慨述( overview of types),347—348
市场供给( Market supply)
竟争市场的市场供给( in competive markets)。参看“竞争市场"( See Competitive markets)
与个人供给( vs. individual supply),73—74
垄断竞争中高于边际成本的加成(Markup,over marginal cost in monopolistic competition ),
352
公共交通体系,公共与私人( Mass transit system,publie vs. private),334—335
最大最小准则( Maximin eriterion),444,444
MeCabe,Kevin,499
约翰·麦凯恩( MeCain, John),187,260
麦当劳( MeDonald's),360
MeTeer, Robent D.. Jr.,14—15
中值选民定理( Median voter theorem),491—493,492
医疗保障/援助( Medicare/ Medicaid),244,245,448
医疗保障/援助支出与赤字增加( spending on and growing deficit),246—248
医疗保障税( Medicare tax),166,176
Metealf,Cilben,216
墨西哥( Mexico)
自由贸易与工资( free trade and wages),193
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
生活水平( living standard in),12
自由贸易的多边方法( multilateral approach to free trade),192—193
微观经济学( Microeconomics),28,28—30
微软公司( Microsoft Corporation),311—312,332
反托拉斯诉讼( anirust suit against),383—384
计算需求价格弹性的中点法(Midpointmethod,for ealculating price elasticity of demand ),91—92
约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒( Mil, John Stuart),354,442
Miller, Peter,122—123
最低工资( Minimum wage)
反对者与支持者(opponents/ advocates of),121
作为价格下限(as price foor),119—121
与青少年的就业( teenage employment and),120—121
最低工资法( Minimun-wage laws),421
与减少贫困( reducing poverty and),446
货币供给( Money supply)
与通货膨胀( inflation and),13—14
垄断竟争( Monopolistie competition),345—361,346
与广告( adverising and),355—360
特征( characerstics of),346—347
与过度生产能力( excess capacity),351—352
长期均衡( long-run equilibrium),348—351
高于边际成本的加成( markup over marginal cost),352
企业的数量( number of firms),347
与完全竞争(V. perfect competition),351—352,361
短期中(in short run),348—349
与社会福利( welare of society and),352—354
垄断( Monopoly),67,311—338,312,347—348
反托拉斯法( antitrust laws),332—333
与进入壁垒( brriers to entry and),312—315
与竞争企业(vs. competitive firm),315—316,337, 361
无谓损失( deadweight loss),323—325
与规模经济( economies of scale and),314—315
与效率efficieney and),323—325
政府创造的垄断( government-created),313—314
无供给曲线( lack of supply curve for),320
自然垄断( natural),314,314—315
企业的数量(numberoffirms),347
垄断的普遍性( prevalence of),335—337
与价格(price and),315—316,317
与价格歧视( price diserimination)。参看“价格歧视"( See Price discrimination)
利润最大化( profit maximization),319—320
垄断利润( profit of),319—321,325—326
垄断的公有制( public ownership of),336
垄断的原因(reasons for),312—315
管制( regulaion),333—336
与资源( resources and),313
垄断收益( revenue of),316—318
福利代价( welfare costs of),322—326
买方垄断( Monopsony),406
道德风险( Moral hazard),484,484—485
电影业,作为价格歧视的电影票(Movieindustry,movie tickets as price discrimination) , 329
Mullainathan, Sendhil,424
Muskie, Edmund,214
N
Nader, Ralph,7
北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA),192
纳米比亚,大象猎杀( Namibia, elephant poae-hing),237
约翰.纳什( Nash, John),368
纳什均衡( Nash equilibrium),368,368—369
国防( National defense)
联邦政府的国防支出( federal spending for),245
作为公共物品的国防(as publie good),228—229
国防支出( spending on) , 228—229
国立卫生研究院( National Instiutes of Health),229,245
国家科学基金会( National Science Foundation),229
支持贸易限制的国家安全论( National security Tgument for trade restriction) , 190
自然灾害与价格( Natural disasters, prices and),84
自然垄断( Natural monopoly),227,314,314—315,334—335
自然资源( Natural resources)
与望断( monopolies and),313
与囚徒困境( prisoners' dilemma and),374—375
需求的价格弹性与必需品(Neessitis,priceelas- ticity of demand and),90
负相关性( Negative correlation),42
负外部性( Negative estermality),204,205—207
负所得税( Negative income tax),447
与贫困减少( poverty reduction and),447
新古典分配理论( Neoclassical theory of distribu-tion),409
神经经济学( Neuroeconomics),498—499,608—609
伊萨克·牛顿(Newton, Isaac),22
Niederle,Muriel,426—427
尼日利亚( Nigeria)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
生活水平(living standard in),12
耐克(Nike),354,355
正常物品( Normal good),70,467
与收入变动( income change and),464—465
需求的收入弹性( income elasticity of demand),97,99
规范表述( Normative statements),30,30—31
北美自由贸易协定[ North American Free Trade A-greement( NAFTA)],192
罗伯特·诺齐克( Nozick, Robert),444—445
巴拉克·奥巴马( Obama,Barack),260
观察(Observation),22—23
作为公共资源的海洋( Oceans, as common re-source),236
石油行业( Oil industry )OPEC与保持石油高价(OPEC and keeping oil prices high) , 105—106
OPEC与世界石油市场(OPEC and world oil market),373
价格上限与排长队( price ceilings and lines at pump),116—117
寡头(Oligopoly),365,365—384
反托拉斯法( antitrust laws),378—384
寡头的特征( characteristics of) , 346
与竞争和垄断( competition and monopoly and),366—367
集中率( concentration ratio),346
双头的例子( duopoly example),366
寡头的均衡( equilibrium),368—369
寡头的例子( examples of),346
与博弈论( game theory and),353—360
企业的数量( number of firms),347
作为卡特尔的OPEC( OPEC as cartel),373
掠夺式定价( predatory pricing),381—382
与囚徒困境( prisoners' dilemma and),372—373
对寡头的公共政策( public poliey toward ),378—384
公开的价格勾结( publice price fixing),380
合作的原因( reasons for cooperation),376
转售价格维持( resale price maintenance),380—381
寡头数量与市场结果(size of, and market out-come),369—370
搭售(tying),383
遗漏的变量与因果关系( Omited variable, causality and),46—47
OPEC。参看“石油输出国组织" I See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC)]机会成本( Opportunity cost),6,54
会计师与经济学家的观点( accountants vs.economists view of),269
与比较优势( comparative advantage and),54—55
作为机会成本的资本成本(cost of capital as),269—270
显性与隐性成本( explicit and implicit costs),269
与生产可能性边界( production pssibilities fron-tier and),27
最优化( Optimization),464—471
消费者最优选择( consumer' s optimal choices),464—466
需求曲线的推导( demand curve derivation) ,470—471
与收入变动( income changes and),466—467
与收入效应( income efeet and),468—470
与价格变动( price changes and),467—468
替代效应( substitution feet,468—470
与效用( uility and),465
最优( Optimum),465
有序数对( Ordered pair),41
石油输出国组织[ Organization of Petroleum Expor-ting Countries (OPEC) ]
不能维持石油的高价( failure to keep oil prices high),105—106
OPEC的形成( formation of) , 373
OPEC中的各国( nations in),373
石油价格上升与价格上限( oil price increases and price ceiling),116—117
与世界石油市场( world oil market and) , 373
人体器官市场[ Organs ( human), market for],150,152
图形的原点(Origin,of graph),41
Orrenius,Pia,402—403
产量效应,对寡头( Output efeet, on oligopoly),369
产品价格与劳动需求(Outputprice,labordemand and),397
外包(Outsourcing),187,189,192
P
专利( Patent),314,321—322
专利保护( Patent protection),209
Pavenik,Nina,448—449
工薪税(Payroll tax),244
的负担( burden of),127
萨姆·佩兹曼( Pelzman,Sam),7—8
感觉与现实( Perception, v. reality),35—36
完全竟争( Perfeet competition),66—67
与垄断竞争(vs. monopolistic competition),351—352,361
完全互补品( Perfeet complements),464
完全有弹性的需求( Perfectly elasic demand ),93,94
完全有弹性的供给( Perfeetly elastic supply ),100,101
完全缺乏弹性的需求( Perfeetly inelastic de-mand),93,94
完全缺乏弹性的供给( Perfectly inelastic supply),100,101
完全价格歧视( Perfect price discrimination),328
完全替代品( Perfeet substitutes),463
持久收入( Permanent income),439
垄断的品牌药品与无品牌药品( Pharmaceutical drugs,monopoly v. generic drugs),321—322
饼形图(Pie chart),40
阿瑟·庇古( Pigou, Arthur),216
庇古税( Pigovian taxes),210,216
政治经济学( Political economy),489,489—493
阿罗不可能性定理( Arrow' s impossibility theo-rem),491
康多塞投票悖论( Condorcet paradox),490
中值选民定理( median voter theorem),491—493
政治家的行为( poician's behavior),493
污染(Pollation)。参看“外部性"( See also Exter-nalities )
碳税(carbon tax),216—217
作为公共资源的清新空气与水(clean air and water as common resource) , 233—234
与矫正税( corrective taxes and),210—212,216
作为负外部性( as negative extemality),206—207
与管制( regulaion and),209—210
可交易的污染许可证( tradable pollution per-mits),212—214
正相关( Positive orelation),42
正外部性( Positive externality),204,207—208
技术溢出效应,产业政策与专利保护( tchnology spillovers,industrial policy and patent pro-teetion),208—209
实证表述( Positive statements),30,30—31
Postrel, Virginia,448—449
贫困( Poverty),445—451
反贫困计划与工作澈励( antipoverty programs and work incentives),449—451
与童工(child labor and),448—449
作为公共物品的反贫困( ighting, as public good),229—230
与实物转移支付( in-kind transfers and),438—439,447—449
生命周期与贫困(life eyele and),439
贫困的衡量( measuring),438—440
最低工资法( minimum-wage laws),446
负所得税( negative income tax),447
减少贫困的政策( policies to reduce),445—451
种族、年龄与家庭构成(race, age and family composition),438
与福利( welfare and),446—447
贫困线( Poverty line),437
贫困率( Poverty rate),437,437—439
掠夺性定价( Predatory pricing),381—382
偏好( Prelerences)
与消费者选择( consumer choice and),459—464
多样性不充分( isuffcient variety),354—355
边际替代率( marginal rate of substiution),460
与效用(utility and),465
Prescott, Edward,170
价格( Price)
广告对价格的影响( advertising efeet on),357
与消费者选择( consumer choice and),467—468
均衡价格( equilibrium),77
高价格增加了生产者剩余( higher prices, rai-sing producer surplus),145—146
与收入效应( income ffeet and),468—470
投入品价格与供给( input prices and supply),74,76
低价格增加了消费者剩余(lower prices,to raise consumer surplus),140—141
与垄断竞争( monopolistic competition and),350—351
与垄断( monopoly and),315—316,317
与自然灾害( natural disasters and),84
产量与劳动需求(output, and labor demand),397
土地和资本的购买价格(purchase,forlandor capial),406—407
与需求量( quanity demanded and),67—68
与供给量(quantity supplied and),73
相对价格( relative),459,466
土地或资本的租赁价格(rental, for land or cap-ital),406—407
与短缺( shortage and),78
替代效应(substitution efeet),468,470
与过剩( surplus and),77—78
支付意愿( wllingness to pay),138—139
世界价格(world),179
价格上限( Price ceiling),114,114—118
有限制作用的价格上限(binding),114—15
评价( evaluation of),121—123
加油站排队(lines al gas pump),116—117
没有限制作用的价格上限( not binding),114—115
与配给( rationing and),115
租金控制( rent control),117—118
委内瑞拉( Venezuela),122—123
价格歧视( Price discrimination),326,326—331
价格歧视的分析( analytics of),328—329
例子( examples of),329—331
完全价格歧视( perfeet),328
价格效应,寡头( Price efeet, on oligopoly),369
需求价格弹性( Price elasicity of demand),90,90—99
计算( computing),91—92
需求的交叉价格弹性( cross-price elasticity of demand),99
与需求曲线( demand curve and),93,94
决定因索( determinants of),90—91
中点法( midpoint method for),91—92
与总收益( total revenue and),94—95
供给价格弹性(Price elasticity of supply),99,99—102
计算( computing),100
决定因素( determinants of),99—100
与供给曲线( supply curves and),100—102
价格勾结与反卡特尔( Price fixing, fighting cartels and),380
价格下限(Price foor),114,118—123
有限制作用的价格下限( binding),119
评价(evaluatin of),121—123
作为价格下限的最低工资( minimum wage as),119—121
没有限制作用的价格下限( not binding),119
价格欺诈者(Price gouger),84
价格制定者(Price makers)。 参看“垄断”(See Monopoly)
价格接受者(Price lakers),66,180,290。参看“竞争市场" ( See also Competitive markets)
定价( Pricing)
掠夺性定价( predatory pricing),381—382
搭售(tying),383
委托人( Principal),484
《政治经济学与赋税原理》(李嘉图)[ Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ( Rieardo)],57
囚徒困境( Prisoners' dilemma),370,370—378
例子(examples of),373—375
作为囚徒困境的寡头( oligopoly as),372—373
合作的理由( reasons for cooperation),376
一报还一报策略( it-for-tat strategy),377—378
与社会福利( wlfare of society and),375—376
私人物品( Private goods),226
生产者剩余( Producer surplus),143, 143—146
成本和销售意愿( cost and wllingness to sell),143—144
与效率(fficiency and),148—149
与均衡( equilibrium and),148—150
用供给曲线衡量( measuring with supply curve),144—145
价格上升引起生产者剩余增加(raising of, by higher prices),145—146
生产( Production)
与成本(costs and),271—273
生产要素(factorsof)。参看“资本”、”生产要素","劳动”条(See Capital; Factors of pro-duction; Labor entries )
生产晒数( Production function),271,271—273,394
与劳动的边际产量( marginal product of labor and),393—395
与总成本曲线( total-cost curve and),272—273
生产可能性边界( Production pssibilitis frontier) ,25—28,26
贸易的好处(gains from trade),50—54
生产率( Productivity),12
与生活水平( standard of living and),13
与工资(wages and),404—405
产品( Products)
作为产品质量信号的广告( advertising as sign of quality of,357—359
品牌(brand names),359—360
利润(Profit),268
会计利润( accouning),270
与歧视( discrimination and),424—426
经济利润( economic),270
与市场进入和退出( market entry/exit and),301—302
用图形衡量利润( measuring profit graphically) ,299—300
垄断竟争( monopolistic competition),350,351
垄断利润( of monopoly),319—321,325—326
利润最大化( Proft maximization)
竞争企业的利润最大化( by competitive firms),292—295
与竞争企业的劳动需求(labordemandofcom-petitive firms and),393—396
与垄断竞争( monopolistie competition and),348—349
垄断( monopoly),319—320
《进步与贫困》(乔治) [ Progress and Poverty (George)],169
累进税( Proressive tax),255
产权( Property rights),10, 10—11
产权的重要性与公共物品( importance of,and public goods),237
对技术的产权( over teehnology),209
财产税( Property tax),248
比例税( Proportional tax),255
支持贸易限制的作为讨价还价筹码的保护论( Protection-as-a-bargaining chip argument for trade restriction),191
公共物品(Publie good),226,226—230
反贫困计划( antipoverty programs),229,230
作为公共物品的基础研究( basic research s),229
成本一收益分析( cost-benefit analysis),230—231
搭便车者向题( free-rider problem),228
产权的重要性( importance of property rights),237
作为公共物品的灯塔(lighthousesas),228—230
作为公共物品的国防( national defense as),228—229
与人生命的价值( value of human life and),231—232
垄断的公有制( Publie ownenship of monopoly),336
公共政策(Publie poliey)。参看“反托拉斯法”、
“政府政策”、“管制"( See also Antitrust laws;Government poliey;Regulation)与不对称信息( asymmetric information and),489
外部性( externalities),209—215
与华新( monopolies and),332—337
对寡头的公共政策( for oligopoly),378—384
Putnam, Howard,379
Q
质量(Quality)
作为质量信号的广告( adverising as sign of),357—359
均衡数量(Quantity, eqilibrium),7
需求量( Quantity demanded),67
需求量变动(change in),80
与价格(price and),67—68
数量折扣( Quantity discounts),331
供给h( Quantity supplied),73
供给量变动(change in),80
与价格(price and),73
进口配额( Quotas, import),185
R
种族( Race)
与体育运动中的歧视( discrimination in sports and),428
劳动市场上基于种族的歧视( labor-market dis-erimination based on),422—424
与贫困( poverty and),438
与电车上的隔离( steer sgregation and),425—426
背离理性( Rationality, deviations from),495—496
理性人( Rational people),6
配给与价格上限( Rationing, price ciling and),115—118
约翰·罗尔斯( Rawls, John),443
罗纳德.里根( Reagan, Ronald),34
税收(taxes),171,258—259
感觉与现实( Reality, perception versus),35—36
累退税( Reressive tax),255
管制( Regulation)
外部性管制(of externalities),209—210
垄断( monopoly),333—336
Reich, Robert B.,417
Reiss, PeterC. , 98
相对价格( Relative price)
与预算约束( budget constraint and),459,466
租金控制( Rent control) , 36
短期与长期(in short and long run),117—118
租金补贴( Rent subsidies),122—123
转售价格维持( Resale price maintenance),380—381
作为公共物品的基础研究(Research,basie,as public good) , 229
资源( Resources)
公共资源( common) , 227, 232—237
与垄断( monopolies and),313
与四徒困境( prisoners' dilemma and),374—375
资源的稀缺性( scarcity of),3
收益( Revenue)
平均收益(average),291
竞争企业的收益( of competitive firms),290—292
边际收益( marginal) , 292
垄断的收益(of monopoly),316—318
与税收和无谓损失(tax, and deadweight loss) ,167—171
总收益(total)。参看“总收益"(See Total reve-nue)
反向因果关系( Reverse causality),47—48
Rhodes,Cecil,313
大卫·李嘉图( Ricardo,David),57
消费中的竞争性( Rivalry in consumption),226
道路拥挤( Road congestion )
与公共资源( common resource and),234—236
拥堵定价( congestion pricing),234—235
与汽油税( gasoline tax and),211,235—236
与收费道路( toll roads and),235
《通向奴役之路》(哈耶克)[ Road to Serfdom(Hayek)],358
Roback, Jennifer,425—426
Rolnick,Arthur,170
Romer, David,32—33
米特·罗姆尼( Romney, Mitt),187
俄罗斯( Russia)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
税收负担( lax burden in),243
Ryna,Lee,499
S
销售税(Sales tax),248
满意者(Satisficers),495
储蓄(Saving)
利率与家庭储蓄( interest rates and household),477—479
储蓄的心理学( psychology of),499—500
税收对储蓄的抑制( tax disincentive toward),251
稀缺性(Scareity),3
离散点(Seatterplot),41
Schaller, Bruce,234
托马斯.谢林( Schelling, Thomas),377
Schmalensee, Richard,383
经济学家之间科学判断的差别(Scientifcjudg-ment,differences among economists in),34
科学方法( Scientifie method),22—23
筛选( Screening),488
隔离、电车与利润动机( Segregation, steetears and profit motive),425—426
卖者(Sellers)
卖者数量与供给曲线移动相关(numberof,and shifts in supply curve related to),76
向卖者征税对市场结果的影响( laxes on,efee on market outcome),124—125
劳务市场( Services, markets for),24—25
萧伯纳(Shaw, George Bernard) , 34
《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》( Sherman Antitrust Aet),332,378
短缺( Shortage),78
价格上限( price ceiling),114—115,117,118
短期(Short run)
竞争企业的停业决策( competitive firm's deci-sion to shutdown),295—296
成本(costs in),280—281
需求移动( demand shifts in),303—305
有固定数量企业的市场供给(marketsupply with fixed number of firms),301
垄断竞争企业( monopolistically competitive firm in),348—349
租金控制( rent control in),117—118
短期停业决策( Shudown, short-run decision to),295—297
西拉俱乐部(Sierra Club),215
发信号(Signaling),487
作为信号的广告( adverising as),419,487
传递私人信息( to convey infomation),487—488
作为信号的教育( education as),419,487
作为信号的礼物(gifts as),487—488
哈伯特.西蒙( Simon, Herbert),495
新加坡( Singapore)
自由贸易与工资(free trade and wages),193
斜率(Slope),44—46
亚当·斯密(Smith, Adam),10,11,57,84,153,282,379
减少吸烟( Smoking, reducing),71—72
《社会选择与个人价值》(阿罗)[ Social Choice and Individual Values ( Arrow)],491
外部性的社会成本( Social costs, of exteralies),206—207
社会保障( Social insurance),444
社会保障税( Social insurance tax),244
社会保障( Social Security)
联邦政府的支出( federal spending for),245—246
社会保障支出与赤字增加(spending on and growing defici),246—248
社会保障税(taxes for),166,170,244
社会( Society)
面临的决策( decisions faced by),3
垄断竞争与社会福利( monopolistic competition and welfare of),352—354
囚徒困境与社会福利( prisoners dilemma and welfare of),375—376
南非的收入不平等( South Africa, income inequali-ty in),436
韩国( South Korea)
自由贸易与工资(free trade and wages),193
自由贸易的多边方法(unilateralapproachtofree trade),192
苏联·冷战与军备竟赛(Sovielt Union,Cold Warand arms raee),373—374
专业化( Specialization)
与规模经济( economies of scale and),281,282
与贸易(trade and),52—54
Spence,Michael,484
Spitzer,Eliot,235
体育运动中的劳动市场歧视( Sports,labor market discrimination in),428
生活水平( Standard of living)
决定因索( determinants of),12—13
州政府( State goverment)
收入(receipts of),242,248—249
支出( spending),249
Stein,Charles,151
Stewart,Wayne,33
乔治.斯蒂格勒( Stigler, George),337
约瑟夫.斯蒂格利茨(Stiglitz, Joseph),484
大卫.斯托克曼(Stockman, David),171
Stossel, John,84
罢工(Strike),421
替代品( Substitute),70
需求的交叉价格弹性( cross-price elasticity of demand) , 99
边际齐代率( marginal rate of substitution),460
完全替代品( perfeet),463
与需求价格弹性( price elasticity of demand and),90
替代效应( Substitution ffeet),468,468—470
与利率( interest rates and),478—479
与工资(wages and),474,476
沉没成本(Sunk cost),296,296—297
补充性保障收入[ Supplemental Security Income(SSI)],446
供给(Supply),73—76。参看“均衡"(See also E.quilibrium)
总供给(aggregate)。参看“总需求与总供给模型"( See Model of aggregate demand and aggre-gate supply)
变动(changes in),80—81
减少(decrease in),74,75
富有弹性的供给(elastic),100,101
供给弹性(elastieity of),99—102
供求均衡( equilibrium of supply and demand),77—82
超额供给(excess),77—78
与预期( expectations and) , 76
增加( increase in),74,75
个人供给( individual),73—74
缺乏弹性的供给( inelastic),100,101
与投入品价格( input prices and),74,76
劳动的供给(of labor)。参看劳动供给( See La-bor supply)
供给定理(law of),73
边际成本曲线和企业供给决策( marginal-cost curve and firm 's supply decision),293—295
市场供给(market),73—74
卖者的数量( mimber of sllers),76
完全有弹性的供给(perfetlyelastie),100,101
完全无弹性的供给(perfelyinelastie),100,101
价格与供给量之间的关系( relationship between price and quantity supplied),73
与技术( tchnology and),76
供求定理( Supply and demand, law of),78
供给曲线(Supply curve),73,73—76
总供给曲线(aggregate)。参看“总供给曲线”(See Aggregate-supply curve)
竞争市场上的供给曲线( in competitive mar-ket),300—306
垄断无供给曲线( lack of, for monopoly),320
长期供给曲线向右上方倾斜(long-run,upward-sloping),304—306
用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余( measuring producer surplus with),144—145
供给价格弹性( price elasticity of supply),100—102
供给曲线移动(shifs in),74—76,80
供给曲线移动与沿着供给曲线的变动(shiftsin v8. movement along),79—80
供给弹性( Supply elasticity),99—102
应用( applications of),102—108
与无谓损失( deadweight loss and),164—166
供给表( Supply schedule),73
供给学派经济学(Supply-side economics),171
过剩(Surplus),77
消费者剩余(consumer)。参看“消费者剩余"( See Consumer surplus)
价格下限(price foor),119,120
生产者剩余( producer)。参看“生产者剩余”(See Producer surplus)
总剩余与效率( total surplus and fficiency),147—148
Swartz,Mark,487
瑞典(Sweden)
税率(tax rate in),171,243
协同效应( Synergies),332
T
台湾地区(Taiwan)
自由贸易与工资(free trade and wages),193
坦桑尼亚,大象猎杀( Tanzania, elephant poa-ching),237
关税(Tariffs),183
与进口配额比较( compared to import quotas),185
关税的无谓损失( deadweight loss of),184—185
关税的影响( ffeets of),183—185
布什政府的关税(ofG. W. Bush),33
嗜好(Tastes)。参看“偏好”( See also Prefer-ences )
嗜好变动与劳动供给( changes in and labor sup-ply),400
与需求曲线移动( shifts in demand and),70
税收(Taxes),123—130,159—172
支付能力原则( ability-to-pay prineiple),254
税收的管理负担( administrative burden of),251—252
避税( avoidance),252
受益原则( benefits principle),254
向买者征税对市场结果的影响( on buyens,eleet on market outcomes),125—127
碳税(carbon tax),216—217
消费税( consumption tax),251
公司所得税( corporate income tax),244—245,257
矫正税( corective),210
布什时期的减税(cuts under G. w. Bush),259—260
里根时期的减税( cuts under Reagan),171
税收的无谓损失( deadweight loss of),161—163,167—172,250
税收负担分摊( distribution of tax burden),255—256
双重纳税( double taxation),245
与效率( fficiency and),249—253
与平等(equity and),253—260
销售税( excise),245
汽油税(gas tax),211—212,234—236,254
横向平等( horizontal equity),254,256
税收归宿( ineidence),124,128—130
劳动税(on labor),166—167,170
拉弗曲线和供给学派经济学( Laffer curve and supply-side economics),169—171
土地税(on land),169
税收漏润( lopholse),252
定额税( lump-sum tax),253
奢侈品税(luxury),130
工新税(payroll),127,244
累进税( progressive),255
财产税( property),249
比例税( proportional),255
累退税( regressive),255
税收收入与无谓损失( revenue from, and dead-weight loss),167—171
销售税(sales),248
向卖者征税对市场结果的影响( on sllerse,effeet on market outcome),124—125
社会保障脱( social insurance),244
关税(tarif),184—185
增值税( value added),251
纵向平等( vertical equity),254—255
税收归宿(Tax incidence),124
与弹性( elasticity and),128—130
税收归宿的粘蝇纸理论(flypapertheoryof),257
与税收平等(tax equity and),256—257
税收义务(Tax liability),244
税率(Tax rate)
平均税率(average),252
边际税率( marginal),244,252,252—253
技术(Technology)
与熟练与不熟练工人的收入( earnings between skilled and unskilled workers and),416
劳动需求与技术变革( labor demand and chan-ges in),397—398
与生产率( produtivily and),405
与供给曲线移动( supply curve shifs and),76
技术溢出效应( Technology spillovers),208—209
青少年就业与最低工资( Teenage employment,minimum wage and),120—121
对贫困家庭的暂时援助[ Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)],229,245,446
恐怖分子、教育和经验( Terrorist, education and experience),420
纺织业(Textile industry),177
理论(Theory),22—23
《正义论》(罗尔斯)[A Theory of Justice (Rawls)],443
倒卖门票(Ticket scalping),151
Tiemey, John,334—335
时间棋架( Time horizon)。 参看“长期”、“短期”( See also Long run; Short run)
与需求价格弹性( price elasticity of demand and),91
与供给价格弹性( price elasticity of supply and),100
时间序列图( Time-series graph),41
一报还一报战略(Tit-for-tat strategy),377—378
收费道路(Toll roads),235
总成本(Total cost),268,283
平均总成本( average),276,277,278
总成本曲线与生产雨数( Total-cost curve, produc-tion function and) , 272—273
总收益( Total revenue),94,268
沿着线性需求曲线的总收益( along linear de-mand curve),95—97
与需求价格弹性( price elasticity of demand and),94—95
总剩余与效率( Total surplus, eficiency and ),147—148
可交易的许可证( Tradable permits),37
可交易的污染许可证( Tradable pollution permits),212—214,217
贸易(Trade)
贸易的利益( benefits of),8
与比较优势( comparative advantage and),55—56
与经济增长( economie growth and),567
贸易的好处(gains from)。参看“贸易的好处”( See Gains from trade)
国际贸易( intermational)。参看“国际贸易"、“贸易限制"(See Intermational trade;Trade re-strictions )
与专业化( pecialization and),52—54
权衡取舍(Tradeoffs),4—5
通货膨胀与失业之间的权衡取舍(betweenin-flation and unemployment)。参看“菲利普斯曲线”( See Pillips curve)
与政策决策( policy decisions and),31
与生产可能性边界( production pssibilities fron-tier and),27
风险和收益之间的权衡取含(betweenriskand return),604—605
工作与闲暇之间的权衡取含( between work and leisure),401
贸易限制( Trade restrietions )
关税效应(effeets of tarif),183—185
进口配额( import quotas),185
支持贸易限制的幼稚产业论(infantindustyar gument),190—191
支持贸易限制的工作岗位论( jobs argument for),188—190
支持贸易限制的国家安全论( national seeurity argument),190
支持贸易限制的作为讨价还价筹码的保护论( protection-as-a-bargaining-chip argument ),191
关税(ariffs),36,183—185
支持贸易限制的不公平竞争论( unfair competi-tion argument),191
交通、拥挤与公共资源( Taffe,congestion and common resouree),234—236
公地悲剧(Tragedy of the Commons),232 , 232—233
交易成本( Transaction costs),219
转移支付(Transfer payment),245,249
传递性( Transitivity),490
交通( Transportation)
对公共汽车司机的激励型工资(incentivepay for bus drivers),9
运输工人工会( Transport W orkers Union),335
哈里.杜鲁门(Truman, Harry),31
Tyco公司(Tyo),486
搭售(Tying),383
《市场的专制》( Waldfogel),Tyranny of the Mar-ket, The( Waldfogel),354
地下经济( Underground economy),167
失业( Unemployment)
与最低工资法( minimum-wage laws and),121,446
支持贸易限制的不公平竟争论( Unfair-competition argument for trade restiction),191
工会( Unions),421
与工资(wages and),421—422
英国( United Kingdom)
收入不平等( income inequality in),436
劳动税( labor tax),170
税收负担(tax burden in),243
美国( United States)
限制与贸易制度( cap-and tade system),217
碳税(carbon tux),217
冷战与军备竞赛(Cold War and arms race),373—374
收人不平等( income inequality in),434—435,436
与国际贸易( international trade and),58—59
劳动税(labor tax),170
生活水平( living standard in),12
自由贸易的多边方法( mulilateral approach to free trade),192—193
北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA),192
税收负担(tax burden in),243
《任何速度都不安全》(纳德尔)[ Unsafe al Any Speed (Nader)],7
美国邮政局(U.S. Postal Service),336
功利主义( Utilitarianism),442,442—443
效用(Utility),442
与偏好( preferences and),465
V
价值( Value)
边际产量值( of the marginal product),395
增值税( Value-added tax),251
经济学家之间价值观的差别( Values,diferences among economists in),34—35
可变成本( Variable costs),275,283
平均可变成本( average),276
变量( Variables)
单变量的图形( graphs of single),40—41
两个变量的图形( graphs of two),41—42
忽略的变量与因果关系( omitted,causality and),46—47
Varian, Hal R., 330—331,426—427
Vedantam,Shankar,32—33
委内瑞拉( Venezuela)
价格控制( price controls),122—123
纵向平等( Vertical equity),254,254—255
Vesterlund,Lise,426—427
越南的童工与贫困( Vietnam, child labor and poverty in),447
投票( Voting)
阿罗不可能性定理( Arrow' s impossibility theo-rem),491
康多塞悖论( Condoreet paradox),490
中值选民理论( median voter theorem),491—493
w
工资( Wages )
与能力、努力和机遇(ability,ffort and chance),416,418
逆向选择, ( adverse selection),485
与漂亮(beauty and),418—419
与黑死病( Black Death and),409
补偿性工资差别( compensaing dilerentials),414
歧视( discriminaion)。参看“劳动市场歧视"( See Labor-market discrimination)
与教育( education and),415—416
效率( fficieney),422
均衡工资的决定( eqilibrium, determinants of),414—422
与自由贸易( free trade and),192—193
与性别( gender and),422—424
与人力资本( human ceapital and),414—416
与移民( immigration and),402—403
收入效应( income fct),474
与劳动市场均衡( labor market eqilibrium and),400—404
与劳动供给( labor supply and),473—476
与制造业工作岗位流失( loss of manufacturing jobs and),417
最低工资(minimum),119—121,421
最低工资法( minimum-wage laws),446
与道德风险( moral hazard and),484—485
与生产率( produetivity and),404—405
与种族(race and),422—424
与发信号( signaling and),419
替代效应( substiution fleet),474,476
超级明星现象( superstar phenomenon),419,421
与工会(unions and),421—422
工资补贴( Wage subsidies),123
作为公共资源的清洁的水( Water, elean, as com-mon resource) , 232
《国富论》(斯密)[ The Wealth of Nations (Smih)],11,282,361
福利( Welfare) , 446
福利经济学( Welfare economics),137,205
福利计划( Welfare programs)
联邦支出( federal spending for),245—246
与减少贫困( reducing poverty and),446—447
福利改革( reform),450—451
与工作激励( work incentives and),449—451
White, Matthew, w. ,98
作为公共资源的野生动物( Wildlife, as common resource),236
Will, George F.. 189
支付意愿( Willingness to pay),138,138—139
销售意愿与生产者剩余( Willingness to sell, pro-ducer surplus and),143—144
Windows操作系统( W indows operating system),311—312,384
女性( women)
竞争的工作环境( competitive work environ-ments),426—427
教育与工资(education and wages),422—423
劳动市场歧视( labor-market discrimination based on),422—423
工作与闲暇之间的权衡取會( Work, tradeoff be-tween leisure and),473—476
劳动福利制度( Workfare),450
工作激励与反贫困计划( Work incentives, anti-poverty programs and),449—451
世通网( WorldCom),486
世界价格( World price),179
世界贸易组织「World Trade Organization (WTO)],193
X
X轴( x-coordinate),41
Y
Y轴( y-coordinate),41
Z
津巴布韦( Zimbabwe)
大象猎杀( elephant poaching),237