前言

前言

内容摘要

当前,国际资本流动的规模越来越大、速度越来越快。它一方面促进了世界经济的发展;另一方面也使当今世界的经济动荡和金融危机比过去发生得更加频繁、更加剧烈。实际上,在2007年美国的次贷危机爆发之后,随着国际经济界对于外汇储备所能发挥的防范金融危机功能和干预汇率波动功能的关注,加强外汇储备管理就成为专家学者高度重视和积极探索的问题之一。持有外汇储备的目的不仅仅是为了保证国际贸易支付,更主要的目的是为了对付资本流动带来的不利冲击、稳定本国汇率和提高国内外投资者的信心。关于维持外汇储备充足性以及对外汇储备进行有效管理的讨论已经成为当前国际金融研究中引人关注的领域。

外汇储备管理的核心问题包括规模管理、结构管理和风险管理三个方面。研究中国外汇储备适度规模问题有助于解决现实中外汇储备的管理和调控,有助于实现外汇储备稀缺资源的合理利用。目前国内外在这方面的研究很多,从不同角度研究外汇储备的适度性问题,形成了比例法、储备需求函数法、成本收益法等。本文则认为外汇储备适度规模不是一个具体数值,而是一个区间,并以外汇储备需求动机为基础,构建外汇储备最低规模模型,以成本收益理论为基础构建外汇储备最高规模模型,进而形成了外汇储备适度规模区间模型。

本文模型实证研究发现,中国外汇储备规模已经超出适度水平,且偿债性储备需要所占的比例较大,增长趋势明显,这与中国近年来吸收外债规模不断扩大、短期外债激增有关。这说明中国外汇储备中债权性储备很低,以债务性储备为主。由于短期外债对储备供应量的影响波动较大,其增加的外汇储备量并不稳定,一旦受到外部环境的冲击就会影响到经济发展,如出现游资撤出、经济衰退问题,甚至发生金融危机。而长期资本流入形成的外汇储备供应则更为可靠,对一国经济的持续稳定发展更为有利。同时,一国在对外举债时,要安排好合适的期限结构,把短期外债规模控制在适当的范围内,以免增加经济发展的不稳定性和诱发债务危机。

外汇储备货币结构选择是外汇储备管理的另一个核心问题,其主要内容包括对储备货币币种的选择、每种储备货币在整个储备资产中所占权重的确定。传统外汇储备资产结构选择有三大理论模型,即资产组合理论模型、海勒-奈特模型和杜利模型。本文认为需要综合考虑三大模型才能说明一国外汇储备的货币结构选择情况,因此,本文综合考虑这三大模型对中国外汇储备货币结构进行实证分析。

经过实证分析可以看出,如果从盈利角度出发,美元和日元的比重应尽量降低,但中国外汇储备合理的货币结构选择还应考虑外债、外商直接投资以及对外贸易的币种结构优化因素。我们可以认为,现阶段中国外汇储备货币结构中美元仍应是主要币种,但从收益角度考虑,这种合理的外汇储备货币结构并不是最优币种结构。因此,今后还需要从调整贸易、外债以及FDI 结构入手来优化我国外汇储备货币结构。

总的来说,本文研究结果表明,中国外汇储备适度规模区间与开放程度、贸易规模、外资规模及其结构、国内外投资利差、经济运行情况等诸多因素有关,中国目前的外汇储备规模已经超出了合理范围。而中国外汇储备货币结构与中国的贸易结构、外债结构和汇率安排等因素高度相关,中国外汇储备货币结构仍以美元为主,欧元比重较小,使得外汇储备的收益不高。需要加强对外汇储备的管理和协调。

外汇储备规模管理和货币结构管理相互联系,应综合考虑。本文认为鉴于现有外汇储备规模过度和货币结构非优化,国家可以进行主动的外汇储备管理,即将适度外汇储备规模的货币结构,按照合理的外汇储备货币结构进行配备,主要考虑贸易结构、外资结构等客观因素,而将过剩的外汇储备的货币结构进行收益最大化考虑,即主要考虑储备的风险收益因素。

具体而言,本书由七章组成。第一章为导论,介绍外汇储备理论、风险管理理论、研究主题、分析方法和全书架构。第二章和第三章为理论分析部分,分别论述外汇储备适度规模理论和外汇储备结构管理理论。其中,第二章为外汇储备适度规模理论分析部分,确定了外汇储备适度规模区间的研究思路,第三章为外汇储备结构管理理论,论述了外汇储备的货币结构管理和资产结构管理理论。第四章详细论述了金融机构的风险管理框架。第五章介绍了国外外汇储备管理的经验与借鉴。第六章根据我国外汇储备管理的现状,从适度规模、币种结构选择、资产优化配置等几个方面进行了深入地研究和探讨。最后一章总结全文,阐述了在当前应对全球金融危机影响的情况下加强外汇储备管理的极端重要性,并对如何加强我国外汇储备的规模管理、结构管理和风险管理提出了政策建议。

Abstract

The optimal level of foreign exchange reserve is a country’s important policy indicator in the world economy. We are able to better understand the country’S economic condition by analyzing the foreign exchange reserve management. The economic policy target can be achieved by efficiently adjusting foreign exchange  reserve. The main function of China's foreign exchange reserve is gradually shifting from the payment of imports and the shortterm foreign loan to the buffer of external shocks in the financial crisis. An optimal foreign exchange reserve plays a vital role in paying off foreign loans, stabilizing exchange rate, and absorbing shocks.

Foreign exchange reserve management consists of three perspectives,optimal level determination, portfolio management and risk management. The classical models on determining the optimal foreign exchange reserve include ratio method, demand function method, and the cost-benefit method. Employing the static and dynamic models, this book argues that the foreign exchange reserve in China exceeds the optimal level in some extant.

The portfolio management of foreign exchange reserve ineludes the currencies allocation and assets allocation. Two theoretical models are introduced to study the currencies allocation.They are Heller-Knight model and Dooley model. In addition to the currencies allocation, this book also presents the assets allocation theory based on mean-variance framework. Following the above models, this book suggests the weight of U.S. dollar to be decreased and China's foreign exchange reserve should diversify its allocation across the major world currencies, such as J apanese Yen, Euro, and British Pound. The assets allocation should also be diversified to minimize the risk exposure while

maintain a reasonable return.

Risk management is another major issue discussed in this book. The financial risks, such as credit risk, market risk, operational risk, exchange rate risk, are the main concerns of financial institutions in the past few decades. Risk management tools have been developed to measure these risks. One of the widely used tools if Value at Risk (VaR) method. This book illustrates the theoretical and empirical models of VaR and its implication on China's foreign exchange reserve management.

International reserve management experience in a number of developed and developing countries are also reported to give some insightful policy suggestions.

This book contains seven chapters. Chapter one introduces the literature on foreign exchange reserve and risk management.Chapter two and chapter investigate the therotical models and empirical implications of optimal level, currency allocation and assets allocation, of foreign exchange reserve. Chapter four presents the risk management framework in the financial institutions. Chapter five showes experience of foreign exchange reserve management in a number of countries. Chapter six investigates the risk management of foreign exchange reserve in China.The last chapter concludes and provides some policy suggestions.